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国务院


国务院办公厅转发外国投资管理委员会关于执行《中华人民共和国国务院关于管理外国企业常驻代表机构的暂行规定》中若干问题的说明的通知(附英文)

1981年8月3日，国务院

通知
外国投资管理委员会关于执行《中华人民共和国国务院关于管理外国企业常驻代表机构的暂行规定》中若干问题的说明，已经国务院批准，现转发给你们，请参照执行。

说明

《中华人民共和国国务院关于管理外国企业常驻代表机构的暂行规定》（以下简称《暂行规定》）公布后，各审批单位依照《暂行规定》对申请设常驻代表机构的外商进行了审批工作，工商行政管理部门核准了登记，公安机关办理了居留手续，工作进展很快，对外国企业常驻代表机构的管理工作有所加强。但在执行中也遇到了一些问题，需要予以明确或说明。现对《暂行规定》中若干问题说明如下。
一、《暂行规定》第一条中的“其它经济组织”是指从事经济、贸易、技术、金融业务活动，但又不称为公司、企业的组织，还包括如日中经济协会、日本国际贸易促进协会、美中贸易全国委员会、加中贸易理事会等非营利性的经济团体。
二、《暂行规定》第二条；“未经批准、登记的，不得开展常驻业务活动。”是指未经批准、登记的，不得以常驻机构人员的身份从事业务活动；并不准在住处设置外国公司、企业等任何标志。
未经批准登记设立常驻代表机构，擅自以常驻机构人员的身份进行业务活动的，由工商行政管理部门通知其撤销机构并立即停止业务活动。
三、《暂行规定》第三条中外国企业申请设常驻代表机构时应当提交的证件和材料，其中的申请书和授权书必须提交原件；其它证件可提交副本或影印件。“金融机构出具的资本信用证明书”，如外商提交确有困难，可灵活掌握，改为近一年内外商与银行有业务往来的证明即可。
非营利性外国经济团体申请设常驻代表机构时，对《暂行规定》第三条所要求提交的资本信用证明书可以免交。
四、《暂行规定》第四条中的“其它行业”，是指外贸部、中国人民银行、交通部、民航总局批准范围以外的行业，如合作开发石油、煤炭等，按其业务性质，报国务院主管部门批准。
同中国国际贸易促进委员会对口的外国非营利性经济团体申请设常驻代表机构，暂报外贸部审批。外贸部在审批过程中要征求贸促会的意见。
信托投资行业外商申请设常驻代表机构，暂报中国人民银行审批。中国人民银行在审批过程中，要征求中国国际信托投资公司的意见。
五、几个不同行业的外国企业共同申请设一个综合性的常驻代表机构时，向中华人民共和国外国投资管理委员会提出申请，外国投资管理委员会商请有关单位审批。
六、由于当前用房十分紧张，外国企业常驻代表机构的人数、驻在期限，由审批机关根据具体情况，从严控制。住房尚未落实的，不予批准。
一次批准驻在期限最长不超过三年。期满后如需要延长，外国企业应在期满前三个月向审批机关提出申请，经批准后，向工商管理局申请登记。
根据政府间的协定，需要在我国设立的常驻代表（办事）机构，按《暂行规定》办理登记手续，其人数、驻在期限、登记费等，按对等原则处理。
七、批准机关在发给申请单位批准证书的同时，应书面通知工商行政管理总局。工商行政管理部门在登记注册后，应及时通知批准机关，国家外资管委、外交部、公安部、海关总署、财政部税务总局。
属于信托投资行业的外国企业申请设常驻代表机构，在获得批准和登记后，有关部门应同时通知中国国际信托投资公司。
与贸促会对口的非营利性外国经济团体申请设常驻代表机构，在获得批准和登记后，有关部门应同时通知贸促会。
八、《暂行规定》第五条：“逾期没有办理登记手续的，应当缴回原批准证件。”申请人收到批准证件之日起，超过三十天未到工商行政管理部门办理登记手续的，视为自动撤销原申请，已发给的批准证件自动失效，并应缴回原批准机关。
九、《暂行规定》第七条常驻代表机构“驻在地点”的变更，是指在同一城市内地址的变动。但在同一建筑物内房间号的变动，可不视为驻在地点的变更。常驻代表机构应及时将变动情况通知当地有关的主管单位和登记单位。
由于我有关主管部门的要求，需要外国企业常驻代表机构变更驻在地点的，只办理变更登记手续，不收登记费。
十、外国企业常驻代表机构聘请工作人员，应按一九八一年四月六日公安部、外交部、工商行政管理总局、进出口管理委员会、外贸部联合签发的〔81〕公发（政）48号文件规定办理，原则上不得雇用第三国人员和在华没有正式户口的中国人。但如遇特殊情况，经征得当地外事服务部门或劳动部门的同意，也可以聘用第三国公民或港澳地区人员。
十一、一九八○年十二月八日，中华人民共和国工商行政管理总局《关于外国企业常驻代表机构办理登记事项的通知》第四条规定“已经省、市、自治区人民政府或所属主管部门批准的外国企业常驻代表机构或常驻代表”是指国务院一九八○年十月三十日发布《暂行规定》以前批准的外国企业常驻代表机构。《暂行规定》公布以后外国企业申请在华设常驻代表机构，按《暂行规定》办理。
十二、外商申请在北京以外的城市设常驻代表机构，除银行业、航空运输业必须直接向《暂行规定》第四条所列有关主管部门提出申请外，其它行业，应根据其业务性质，分别向所在省、市、自治区的外贸局、交通局或国务院其它主管部、委、局对口的厅、局提出申请，然后由这些部门签署意见，转报《暂行规定》第四条所列有关主管部门审批。
十三、除银行业、航空运输业外，外商申请在广东、福建两省设常驻代表机构的，由省人民政府审批；在深圳、珠海、厦门等经济特区设常驻代表机构的，由省经济特区管理委员会审批。
十四、华侨、港澳同胞、台湾同胞在国外开设的企业要求在国内（包括广东、福建两省及经济特区）设立常驻代表机构，参照《暂行规定》及本说明办理。
十五、《暂行规定》及本说明执行中遇到需要加以解释和解决的问题，由国家外国投资管理委员会负责组织协调处理。

CIRCULAR OF THE GENERAL OFFICE OF THE STATE COUNCIL CONCERNING THETRANSMISSION OF A CLARIFICATION SUBMITTED BY THE COMMISSION FOR THE ADMI-NISTRATION OF FOREIGN INVESTMENTS ON SEVERAL QUESTIONS ON THE IMPLEMENTA-TION OF INTERIM PROVISIONS
OF THE STATE COUNCIL OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLICOF CHINA ON

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
CIRCULAR OF THE GENERAL OFFICE OF THE STATE COUNCIL CONCERNING THE
TRANSMISSION OF A CLARIFICATION SUBMITTED BY THE COMMISSION FOR THE ADMI-
NISTRATION OF FOREIGN INVESTMENTS ON SEVERAL QUESTIONS ON THE IMPLEMENTA-
TION OF INTERIM PROVISIONS OF THE STATE COUNCIL OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC
OF CHINA ON THE ADMINISTRATION OF RESIDENT REPRESENTATIVE OFFICES OF
FOREIGN ENTERPRISES
(August 3, 1981)
The clarification submitted by the Commission for the Administration of
Foreign Investments on several questions on the implementation of "Interim
Provisions of the State Council of the People's Republic of China
Governing Resident Representative Offices of Foreign Enterprises", has
been approved by the State Council and is hereby transmitted to you, and
you are requested to implement it accordingly.
A CLARIFICATION OF THE COMMISSION FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF FOREIGN
INVESTMENTS ON SEVERAL QUESTIONS ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERIM
PROVISIONS OF THE STATE COUNCIL OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON THE
ADMINISTRATION OF RESIDENT REPRESENTATIVE OFFICES OF FOREIGN ENTERPRISES
Since the promulgation of the "Interim Provisions of the State Council of
the People's Republic of China Governing Resident Representative Offices
of Foreign Enterprises" (hereinafter referred to as the "Interim
Provisions"), the various examining and approving units have, in
accordance with the "Interim Provisions", examined and approved, the
applications filed by foreign businessmen for the establishment of
resident representative offices, the departments for the administration of
industry and commerce have approved their registration, and the organs of
public security have the performed residence procedures; work in this
respect has made very good progress, and the administrative work
concerning the resident representative offices of foreign enterprises has
been strengthened to some extent. However, in the course of implementing
the "Interim Provisions", there still exist some questions which need to
be defined more sharply or clarified. Now, several questions concerning
the implementation of the "Interim Provisions" are hereby clarified as
follows:
(1) "Other economic organizations", as mentioned in Article 1 of the
"Interim Provisions", refer to those organizations which are engaged in
economic, trade, technological or finance business activities but are not
called companies or enterprises as such, and which also include such
nonprofit economic organizations as the Japanese-Chinese Economic
Association, the Japanese Association for the Promotion of International
Trade, the National Council for American-Chinese Trade Relations, and
Council for Canadian-Chinese Trade Relations.
(2) Article 2 of the "Interim Provisions", which reads: "Those who have
not obtained approval or have not gone through the procedures for
registration shall not be permitted to undertake business operations of
resident offices", means that those who have not obtained approval or have
not gone through the procedures for registration shall not be permitted to
undertake business operations in the capacity of the staff of resident
(representative) offices, and neither shall they be permitted to put up
any sign at their residences that represents foreign companies or
enterprises.
With respect to those who undertake unauthorized business operations in
the capacity of the staff of resident (representative) offices without
going through the proper approval registration procedures for setting up
resident representative offices, the departments for the administration of
industry and commerce shall notify the persons concerned to close down
their resident offices and to stop their business operations forthwith.
(3) With respect to the certifying documents and relevant materials to be
presented by foreign enterprises when applying for the permission to set
up resident representative offices as provided for in Article 3 of the
"Interim Provisions", the written application and the vesting instrument
must be presented in the original and the other certifying documents may
be presented in duplicate or photo copies. As regards "the certificates of
creditworthiness issued by a financial institution", if a foreign
businessman has difficulty providing one, flexibility may be exercised by
requiring the foreign businessman concerned to present certifying
documents indicating business transactions concluded between the foreign
businessman and a bank within the preceding year instead.
When a nonprofit foreign economic organization applies for the permission
to set up its resident representative office, it may be exempt from
presenting the certificate of creditworthiness required in Article 3 of
the "Interim Provisions".
(4) "The other trades", as mentioned in Article 4 of the "Interim
Provisions", refer to those trades such as cooperative exploitation of oil
and coal resources and etc. which are beyond the approving authority of
the Ministry of Foreign Trade, the People's Bank of China, the Ministry of
Communications, and the Civil Aviation Administration of China, and the
parties concerned shall submit their applications to the competent
departments concerned under the State Council for approval in light of the
nature of their businesses.
With respect to those nonprofit foreign economic organizations, which are
the counterparts of the China Council for the Promotion of International
Trade, their applications for the permission to set up resident
representative offices shall, for the time being, be submitted to the
Ministry of Foreign Trade for examination and approval. In the course of
examination and approval, the Ministry of Foreign Trade shall consult
China Council for the Promotion of International Trade.
With respect to foreign businessmen in the trust and investment trade,
their applications for the permission to set up resident representative
offices shall, for the time being, be submitted to the People's Bank of
China for examination and approval. In the course of examination and
approval, the People's Bank of China shall consult the China International
Trust and Investment Corporation.
(5) In the event that several foreign enterprises of different trades
jointly apply for the permission to set up a comprehensive resident
representative office, they shall submit their application to the
Commission for the Administration of Foreign Investments of the People's
Republic of China, and the latter shall examine and approve the
application in consultation with the relevant units.
(6) Owing to the serious shortage of housing at present, a strict control
shall be exercised, by the examining and approving organ in accordance
with the specific conditions, over the number of staff of the proposed
resident representative offices of foreign enterprises and over the
duration of residence. An application for the setting up of a resident
representative office shall not be approved if the problem of housing has
not been solved. The maximum duration of residence, approved on each
occasion, shall not exceed 3 years. On the expiration of this prescribed
period, if it is necessary to have an extension, the foreign enterprise
concerned shall submit anew its application to the examining and approving
organ 3 months before the expiration of the original prescribed duration
of residence. And, after obtaining the approval, the foreign enterprise
concerned shall apply to the department for the administration of industry
and commerce for registration. If resident representative offices are to
be set up in China in accordance with agreement between the Chinese
government and foreign governments, the foreign enterprises concerned
shall go through the procedures for registration in accordance with the
"Interim Provisions", and the number of staff of the proposed resident
representative office, the duration of residence, the registration fees,
etc., shall be handled according to the principle of reciprocity.
(7) The approving organ, while issuing the certificate of approval to the
applying unit, shall notify in writing the case to the General
Administration for Industry and Commerce. The departments for the
administration of industry and Commerce shall, after the foreign
enterprise concerned has gone through the registration procedures, notify
without delay the case to the State Commission for the Administration of
Foreign Investments, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of
Public Security, the Customs General Administration, and the State Tax
Bureau under the Ministry of Finance. With respect to foreign enterprises
in the trust and investment trade which apply for the permission to set up
their resident representative offices, after they have obtained the
approval and have gone through the registration procedures, the department
concerned shall at the same time notify the case to the China
International Trust and Investment Corporation.
With respect to those nonprofit foreign economic organizations, which are
the counterparts of the China Council for the Promotion of International
Trade and apply for the permission to set up their resident representative
offices, after they have obtained approval and have gone through the
registration procedures, the department concerned shall at the same time
notify the case to the China Council for the Promotion of International
Trade.
(8) Article 5 of the "Interim Provisions" reads: "Those who have failed to
go through the procedures for registration within the prescribed time
limit, shall return the original certificate of approval". An applicant
shall go through the procedures for registration with the department for
the administration of industry and commerce within 30 days from the day
he/she has received the certificate; if he/she has failed to do so within
prescribed time limit, he/she shall be considered to have withdrawn
automatically the original application, and the certificate of approval
already issued to him/her shall become invalid automatically, and he/she
shall be required to return the certificate of approval to the original
approving organ.
(9) The change of "the location of resident office", as mentioned in
Article 7 of the "Interim Provisions", refers to the change effected
within the same city. However, the change of room number within the same
building shall not be considered as a change of the location of resident
office. The resident representative office concerned is required to
notify, without delay, the case of change of the location of resident
office to the local competent department concerned and also to the
department for registration. In case that the resident representative
office of a foreign enterprise has to change its location at the request
of the competent department concerned of China, the foreign enterprise
concerned shall be required to go through the procedures for the
registration of the change without paying any registration fees.
(10) If the resident representative office of a foreign enterprise wishes
to employ staff members, the case shall be handled in accordance with the
provisions in Document No. 48, signed and issued jointly, in 1981, by the
Ministry of Public Security, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the General
Administration for Industry and Commerce, the Commission for the
Administration of Imports and Exports, and the Ministry of Foreign Trade;
and, in principle, no individual of a third country or Chinese without
regular registered residence in China shall be hired. However, in special
cases, citizens of a third country or individuals from the areas of Hong
Kong and Macao may be engaged with the approval of the local department of
service for foreign affairs and of the labour department.
(11) Article 4 of "Circular Concerning Registration of Resident
Representative Offices of Foreign Enterprises" promulgated by the General
Administration for Industry and Commerce of the People's Republic of China
on December 8, 1980, provides: "the resident representative offices, or
the resident representatives, of foreign enterprises approved by the
competent departments of the people's governments of the province,
municipality directly under the Central Government, and autonomous region"
refer to the resident representative offices of foreign enterprises
approved before the promulgation of the "Interim Provisions" by the State
Council on October 30, 1980. Applications for the setting up of resident
representative offices submitted by foreign enterprises after the
promulgation of the "Interim Provisions" shall be handled in accordance
with the "Interim Provisions".
(12) In the event that foreign businessmen apply for permission to set up
resident representative offices in cities other than Beijing, with the
exception of such trades as banking or air transportation - the
applications shall be submitted directly to the competent departments
listed in Article 4 of the "Interim Provisions", all other trades shall,
in light of the nature of their respective businesses, apply accordingly
to the local bureau of foreign trade or bureau of communications of the
province, municipality directly under the Central Government, or
autonomous region, or to the departments or bureaus in the localities,
which have a direct business relationship with the ministries, commissions
or bureaus under the State Council; and the aforesaid departments shall,
in turn, write their comments on the written applications and forward
same, for examination and approval, to the competent departments concerned
listed in Article 4 of the "Interim Provisions".
(13) With the exception of such trades as banking and air transportation,
in case that foreign businessmen apply for the permission to set up
resident representative offices in the two provinces of Guangdong and
Fujian, their applications shall be submitted to the provincial
governments for examination and approval. In case that resident
representative offices are to be set up in the Shenzhen, Zhuhai and Xiamen
Special Economic Zones, the applications shall be submitted for
examination and approval to the provincial committee for the
administration of special economic zones.
(14) If enterprises established and run abroad by overseas Chinese, by
compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, wish to set up resident
representative offices in China
(including Guangdong and Fujian Provinces and the special economic zones),
their applications shall be dealt with reference to the "Interim
Provisions" and this Clarification.
(15) Should problems arise in the course of the execution of the "Interim
Provisions" and of this Clarification, and that explanation and solutions
are called for, they shall be handled through coordination and
consultation by the State Commission for the Administration of Foreign
Investments.


无罪辩护在中国——夹缝中求希望

王思鲁
　　 ————庭辩艺术鉴赏丛书之二————


《无罪辩护——直击王者之辩 开启成功之门》


前言


无罪辩护在中国－－夹缝中求希望

(广东环球经纬律师事务所合伙人、金牙大状律师网（www.jylawyer.com）首席律师王思鲁)



【金玉良言】不畏风险，穷尽一切手段,依法维护当事人权益，竭力赢取胜诉是律师的责任与天职。无罪辩护本应是律师的神圣职责，律师应该充分利用有限的法律资源，在事实、证据或程序上不失时机地、大胆地、专业地为被告人作强有力的辩护，最大限度地完成辩护使命。

【金玉良言】尽管无罪辩护在中国存在着这样或那样的问题，但是，只要适应国情，专业地、有技巧地处理案件，无罪辩护还是可以在夹缝中求希望的。

【金玉良言】对律师来说，不能抱怨法律跟不上时代的脚步，也不能艳羡欧美同行驰骋辩护疆场的潇洒，不能急功近利求名心切，而应修“德”忘“名”，努力强化自己的内功，利用一切可利用的资源，帮助当事人实现法定利益。正如布鲁厄姆爵士所说：“为了拯救和保护当事人，律师要不顾任何风险，不惜任何牺牲。这是律师义不容辞的职责。”



应该承认，在时下的司法环境中，无罪辩护走得相当曲折。因为评价案件质量的指标之一是无罪判决率的高低，因此导致有关部门及人士对无罪判决率的空前追求，上至上级领导，下至本院领导一而再地三令五申，某些地方的司法部门把“若干年无罪判决率是零”作为成绩大肆渲染，另有一些部门甚至将无罪判决率与评优和提职等联系起来，从而助长了司法机关乃至其工作人员对无罪判决率的疯狂追逐。而法院往往也因受到社会氛围、制度牵制的影响，束手无策，为避免重重障碍，作出的无罪判决寥寥无几。
1996年《刑事诉讼法》修订之前，在中国，成功的无罪辩护可以说是凤毛麟角。据1998年《最高人民法院工作报告》：1993年至1997年，五年共审结一审刑事案件243.7万件，其中，免予刑事处分的占1．42%；宣告无罪的只占0．43%。直至1998年—2002年，比例才有所提升。据2003年《最高人民法院工作报告》：五年来，人民法院共审结一审刑事案件283万件，其中，判处五年以上有期徒刑、无期徒刑和死刑的81．9万人，占25%，对不构成犯罪的1万多名自诉案件被告人、1.7万名公诉案件被告人依法宣告无罪，在一定程度上体现了确保无罪的公民不受法律追究的立法精神。
但是好景不长，在2002年之后，无罪辩护成功率在中国又呈下滑趋势。据《最高检规范执法行为专项整改情况的报告》：无罪判决率由2002年的1．8‰下降到2005年的0．49‰ 。
应该坦然，现实中，可以说“无罪判决难，难于上青天”。是否应采纳无罪证据，是否应作出无罪判决，释放被告人，往往不仅仅是一个法律和证据事实的问题，而是要受到环境或制度等各种因素的影响或制约。司法实践中，公、检、法机关是重配合而轻制约的，形成了无须戳破的“秘密”──公检法仍然是一家。由于案件质量是检察工作的主线，法院的无罪判决又被作为衡量公安、检察机关是否办了“错案”的标准，进而作为决定国家赔偿责任的依据，因此，法院对作出无罪判决时通常会很“慎重”，公安、检察机关的利益首当其冲地成为重要的考虑对象，十分看重与同在党的领导下的公、检、法机关的协商解决。这种公、检、法机关内部协调的潜规则在一些地方甚至用作经验来炫耀。法院拿到案件后，先进行审查，觉得有问题，就让检察院撤回去，另作处理。实践中存在的“实报实销”（被告人已经被关了多久、就判处多长刑期）、对在押被告人判处缓刑、允许检察机关撤诉等等，都是一种折衷的“双赢”处理方法。法院作出这种处理后，公安、检察人员即可摆脱“错案”的追究责任，公安、检察机关也不必承担国家赔偿义务；被告人也因从羁押中重获自由，往往会“见好就收”，默默接受司法机关给的“难能可贵的自由”，而不再话语！
《刑事诉讼法》和《刑法》修订颁行后，许多人以为律师的冬天终于过去，春天欣然地来临，刑事辩护律师到了大显身手的时候了。但结果却令人们大失所望，自新法实施至今，刑事辩护遇到的障碍却越来越多，刑事辩护愈来愈难。某些司法人员法律意识淡簿，法律水平一般，可“官本位”思想严重，他们将司法机关视为“衙门”，时常对律师作威作福，《刑法》第306条律师刑事辩护的禁止性规定，更是被用作“向辩护律师横空刺出的一柄达摩克里斯利剑”，高高地悬在律师的头上，准备在关键时候落下，给律师点颜色看看。遇到律师在庭审中提出相左或新的观点、论据时，他们就“竭尽全力”地或压制，或打击。在有律师参与的刑事案件中，一旦发生证人拒证、翻供或串供等情况，他们就想当然地认为是律师为了胜诉，为了自身利益，在捣鬼，暗地诱证人。更有甚者，或因律师推翻了控方的指控，或因律师提出了与控方不同的证据，就被怀疑提供了伪证，而给律师盖上“伪证罪”、“包庇罪”、“妨害作证罪”的帽子，强行入罪！据有关统计，律师因办理刑事案件而“蒙难”的案件呈直线上升。仅《刑事诉讼法》修订颁行后的一年内，全国就有一百多个律师被抓被判。例如，1997年3月，湖南云梦律师事务所刘正清律师受一被指控受贿罪的被告人的委托，担任被告人上诉的辩护人。刘律师接受委托后，经过详细的调查，最后认为被告人获得的2万余元款项，属于借贷关系，其行为并不构成犯罪。结果，二审法院以事实不清为由，发回重审。而云溪区检察院却因刘正清以辩护律师的身份参与本案，并向二审法院提交了多份证言，导致证据冲突、混乱，致使二审法院以事实不清将此案发回重审的，因此，检察院认为这是刘律师在背后捣鬼、引诱的结果。所以，于1997年11月5日，在刘律师作完该案重审辩护后，刚走出法院大门时，即被检察院以“问话”为由，强行带到了检察院，随即以“妨害证据罪”批捕。案件发生以后，法院进行了公开审理。在审理中，法庭与旁听律师发生了激烈的冲突，数名律师被殴打、扣押。直至1998年3月，检察机关才撤销了该案件，此事终算落下帷幕，但却给人们留下了诸多的困惑与思考。
此外，刑事辩护律师的风险还有来自当事人。因代理刑事案件被对方当事人毁容，或抠眼珠，或威胁恐吓。甚至连自己当事人及其家属也会打击自己。例如，2004年，在河南省原阳县就发生过一名辩护律师因自己恪守律师职业纪律和执业道德，没有按照当事人家属要求为被告人串供而遭到陷害，而被错误逮捕，招来了牢狱之灾。
公安、检察机关的错抓、错拘，或乱抓、乱拘，对方当事人的打击报复，甚至自己当事人及其家属的恩将仇报，造成了律师从事刑事辩护的恐慌心理：自己为被告人辩护，反而自己也成为了被告人，以致刑事辩护成为律师执业的雷区，绝大多数的律师都不敢贸然涉及。有的律师直接宣称不接刑事案件，有的律师事务所为了防范风险，将不办理刑事案件作为一项纪律。据有关统计，目前刑事案件中律师的参与率下降至不足30％，使得原本就非常脆弱的刑事辩护制度遭到了毁灭性的打击！难怪有律师由衷感概，“在中国现阶段做律师是最难的，比什么时候都难，比哪个国家都难。”当然，这并不是说律师就不可能构成犯罪。在律师参差不齐的队伍中，难免“鱼龙混杂”，出现个别“害群之马”，有的的确已构成了犯罪，受到法律的制裁并不冤枉，但有的人对个别律师涉嫌犯罪幸灾乐祸，他们趁此大肆渲染，大做文章，力图贬低律师在社会公众心目中的形象。
有人或认为辩护律师是在替坏人说话，因为站在被告席上的被告人都是坏人；或认为律师是“拿人钱财，替人消灾”的诉棍；或认为律师是“伶牙俐齿，颠倒是非”的伪君子；或认为律师是 “丧失立场，助长腐败”的罪魁；甚至认为律师是为一个明显有罪的委托人辩护，看来该律师自己也好不了多少。还存在一些人责难律师的无罪辩护给司法机关“雪上加霜”，“长坏人士气，灭国家权力威风”，导致被告人抗拒服法，降低了“坦白从宽，抗拒从严”的口号效力。于是，就有人建议：“要明文规定，对乱作无罪辩护，屡教不改者，吊销其律师执照。”其实，刑事辩护律师本来是为当事人洗清罪名、免受冤屈，替被告人说话是其职责所在，但在诉讼过程中，面对滥施权力的机关，乱用职权的“老爷”，律师自己也只能束手被擒，发出了“谁来为律师辩护”的无限感慨。
毫无疑问，不畏风险，穷尽一切手段,依法维护当事人权益，竭力赢取胜诉是律师的责任与天职。无罪辩护本应是律师的神圣职责，律师应该充分利用有限的法律资源，在事实、证据或程序上不失时机地、大胆地、专业地为被告人作强有力的辩护，最大限度地完成辩护使命。无论是王张江姚“四人帮”、还是邓斌、陈希同等被告，在法院审判并作出判决之前，他们都不是罪犯，依法都享有获得辩护的权利。刑法学之父贝卡里亚曾说过：“在法官判决之前，一个人是不能被称为罪犯的。”维护、帮助当事人行使其应有的辩护权利，是律师的职责所在。但为他们辩护，并不代表律师就认可或欣赏他们的行为。对此，美国最著名的辩护律师之一艾伦·德肖微茨也曾作过精辟的阐释：“即使我了解到有一天我为之辩护的委托人可能会再次出去杀人，我也不打算对帮助这些谋杀犯开脱罪责表示歉意，或感到内疚。……我知道我会为受害者感到难过，但我希望我不会为自己的所作所为后悔，就象一个医生治好一个病人，这个人后来杀了一个无辜的人是一个道理。”
尽管无罪辩护在中国存在着这样或那样的问题，但是，只要适应国情，专业地、有技巧地处理案件，无罪辩护还是可以在夹缝中求希望的。如湖北省高级人民法院对“杀妻骗保”案中的被告人王洪学、王洪武兄弟宣判无罪，云南省昆明市中级人民法院对一起谋杀案的被告人尚某宣告无罪，广西高级人民法院对三名在一审中被判处死刑，发回重审后被改判死缓的杀人、抢劫疑犯宣告无罪。在我们的以往经验中，成功的无罪辩护也不鲜见。如：马X明涉嫌共同巨额贩毒被判无罪，龚X涉嫌合同诈骗及虚报注册资本被判无罪案等等诸多成功无罪辩护案例。在不甚理想的司法现实中，律师也只有在深谙国情基础上，专业地、有技巧地进行“中国式”的辩护，才能真正地发挥作用，做到“以经典辩护成就品牌，以满腔热血推动法治”。多年的律师执业生涯使我们认识到：追求最出色的刑事辩护，首先，必须避开职业陷阱，否则，全功尽弃。其次，更需要有扎实的专业功底、开放的办案思维、高超的论辩技巧和无畏的时代精神。如同胡乔木同志在第一届全国律师大会上所说：“你带着荆棘的王冠而来，你握着正义的宝剑而来。律师，神圣之门，又是地狱之门，但你视一切险阻诱惑为无物。你的格言：在法律面前人人平等，惟有客观事实才是最高的权威。”
著名法学家江平教授也曾说：“律师本身应是法制建设里面最好的一面镜子，律师在我国民主与法制建设律师里看到的东西最清楚，碰到的问题最深刻，所受的切肤之痛比别人更多。” 对律师来说，不能抱怨法律跟不上时代的脚步，也不能艳羡欧美同行驰骋辩护疆场的潇洒，不能急功近利求名心切，而应修“德”忘“名”，努力强化自己的内功，利用一切可利用的资源，帮助当事人实现法定利益。正如布鲁厄姆爵士所说：“为了拯救和保护当事人，律师要不顾任何风险，不惜任何牺牲。这是律师义不容辞的职责。”
我们一直思考，如何将我们的实战经验，以最好的方式呈现给读者。老子说：“授人以鱼，不如授之以渔，授人以鱼只救一时之及，授人以渔则可解一生之需。”因此，我们整理了这本全面、深度描述无罪辩护案例的专著。所选案例均是我们多年执业的精髓所得。希望读者能从中受到启迪。“庙廊之才，非一木之枝”，区区微衷，尚请贤明鉴之。
鲁迅有句名言，相信大家都记得：“真的猛士，敢于直面惨淡的人生，敢于正视淋漓的鲜血！”在转轨阶段的中国，法治的进程必定是充满荆棘，时代需要有挑战强权的大无畏精神，地狱之门向我们趟开着，让我们一起用满腔的热血去换取中国的法治吧！